2021•Unpublished venueRequires access

Pilihan Raya di Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, 1948-1959 dan Pengenalan First Past The Post (Election in Federation of Malaya, 1948-1959 and Introduction of First Past The Post)

Ahmad Kamal Ariffin Mohd Rus, Mohamad Khairul Anuar Mohd Rosli, Aqillah Johar

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Abstract

Artikel ini membincangkan pengenalan prinsip First Past The Post (FPTP) dalam sistem pilihan raya Persekutuan Tanah Melayu (PTM) antara tahun 1948-1959. FPTP merupakan sistem pemilihan calon yang bertanding dalam sesebuah kawasan pilihan raya dan calon yang memperoleh undi terbesar dikira sebagai pemenang meskipun mereka yang mengundi calon tersebut bukanlah kumpulan yang memperoleh majoriti mutlak. Objektif artikel ini bertujuan mengenal pasti permulaan prinsip FPTP dan sejauh mana ia membantu mewujudkan dominasi Melayu dalam dua pilihan raya umum era 1950-an. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekan sejarah dengan menggunakan sumber-sumber primer di Arkib Negara yang terdiri daripada Colonial Office, laporan kerajaan dan akhbar. Melalui penelitian ke atas sumber, didapati FPTP secara jelas mula dipraktikkan dalam pilihan raya peringkat negeri tahun 1954. Pelaksanaan prinsip ini di peringkat kawasan pilihan raya dilihat tidak bermasalah kerana sistem tersebut hanya memerlukan seorang calon dengan undi terbesar diisytihar sebagai pemenang. Kemenangan Perikatan dengan keahlian majoriti dalam majlis perundangan bagi pilihan raya 1955 membolehkan rundingan ke arah kemerdekaan mengambil langkah yang lebih serius. Dalam konteks sistem pilihan raya, Suruhanjaya Reid, badan yang bertanggungjawab merangka perlembagaan merdeka, memutuskan bahawa sistem pemilihan yang akan dipraktikkan dalam pilihan raya pasca merdeka adalah berasaskan prinsip FPTP. Suruhanjaya Reid juga mengambil pendekatan memastikan sempadan kawasan pilihan raya mestilah bersandarkan dominasi Melayu. Harapan tersebut jelas tergambar dalam Pilihan Raya Umum 1959 apabila 66 daripada 104 kawasan pilihan raya yang dipertandingkan adalah dominasi Melayu. Kata kunci: First Past The Post; Suruhanjaya Reid; orang Melayu; pilihan raya; Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. Abstract This article discusses the introduction of the First Past the Post (FPTP) principle in the electoral system in the Federation of Malaya (FOM) between 1948 and 1959. FPTP is a system of selecting candidates contesting in an electoral seat, and the candidate with the highest votes is declared the victor, even if they did not manage to obtain a total majority. This article aims to identify the genesis of the FPTP principle, and to what extent did it ensure Malay dominance in the two general elections in the 1950s. This study uses the historical approach, referring to primary sources in the National Archives such as the Colonial Office (CO) Files, government reports, and periodicals. Through a close reading of the sources, the FPTP was first implemented in the state-level elections in 1954. The implementation of this principle at this electoral level was not negatively viewed as the system only required the candidate with the largest number of votes declared victor. The Alliance victory in the 1955 legislative council elections paved the way for more serious talks towards Independence. Within the context of the electoral system, the Reid Commission, responsible for drafting the constitution, agreed that the selection system for post-Independence elections should be based on the FPTP principle. The Reid Commission also suggests the delineation of election boundaries must be based on Malay dominance. This suggestion was evident in the 1959 General Elections, when 66 out of 104 contested election seats were Malay-dominated. Keywords: First Past The Post; Reid Commission; Malays; election; Federation of Malaya.

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What this paper is about

Artikel ini membincangkan pengenalan prinsip First Past The Post (FPTP) dalam sistem pilihan raya Persekutuan Tanah Melayu (PTM) antara tahun 1948-1959. FPTP merupakan sistem pemilihan calon yang bertanding dalam sesebuah kawasan pilihan raya dan calon yang memperoleh undi terbesar dikira sebagai pemenang meskipun mereka yang mengundi calon tersebut bukanlah kumpulan yang memperoleh majoriti mutlak. Objektif artikel ini bertujuan mengenal pasti permulaan prinsip FPTP dan sejauh mana ia membantu mewujudkan dominasi Melayu dalam dua pilihan raya umum era 1950-an. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekan sejarah dengan menggunakan sumber-sumber primer di Arkib Negara yang terdiri daripada Colonial Office, laporan kerajaan dan akhbar. Melalui penelitian ke atas sumber, didapati FPTP secara jelas mula dipraktikkan dalam pilihan raya peringkat negeri tahun 1954. Pelaksanaan prinsip ini di peringkat kawasan pilihan raya dilihat tidak bermasalah kerana sistem tersebut hanya memerlukan seorang calon dengan undi terbesar diisytihar sebagai pemenang. Kemenangan Perikatan dengan keahlian majoriti dalam majlis perundangan bagi pilihan raya 1955 membolehkan rundingan ke arah kemerdekaan mengambil langkah yang lebih serius. Dalam konteks sistem pilihan raya, Suruhanjaya Reid, badan yang bertanggungjawab merangka perlembagaan merdeka, memutuskan bahawa sistem pemilihan yang akan dipraktikkan dalam pilihan raya pasca merdeka adalah berasaskan prinsip FPTP. Suruhanjaya Reid juga mengambil pendekatan memastikan sempadan kawasan pilihan raya mestilah bersandarkan dominasi Melayu. Harapan tersebut jelas tergambar dalam Pilihan Raya Umum 1959 apabila 66 daripada 104 kawasan pilihan raya yang dipertandingkan adalah dominasi Melayu. Kata kunci: First Past The Post; Suruhanjaya Reid; orang Melayu; pilihan raya; Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. Abstract This article discusses the introduction of the First Past the Post (FPTP) principle in the electoral system in the Federation of Malaya (FOM) between 1948 and 1959. FPTP is a system of selecting candidates contesting in an electoral seat, and the candidate with the highest votes is declared the victor, even if they did not manage to obtain a total majority. This article aims to identify the genesis of the FPTP principle, and to what extent did it ensure Malay dominance in the two general elections in the 1950s. This study uses the historical approach, referring to primary sources in the National Archives such as the Colonial Office (CO) Files, government reports, and periodicals. Through a close reading of the sources, the FPTP was first implemented in the state-level elections in 1954. The implementation of this principle at this electoral level was not negatively viewed as the system only required the candidate with the largest number of votes declared victor. The Alliance victory in the 1955 legislative council elections paved the way for more serious talks towards Independence. Within the context of the electoral system, the Reid Commission, responsible for drafting the constitution, agreed that the selection system for post-Independence elections should be based on the FPTP principle. The Reid Commission also suggests the delineation of election boundaries must be based on Malay dominance. This suggestion was evident in the 1959 General Elections, when 66 out of 104 contested election seats were Malay-dominated. Keywords: First Past The Post; Reid Commission; Malays; election; Federation of Malaya.

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Available abstract

Artikel ini membincangkan pengenalan prinsip First Past The Post (FPTP) dalam sistem pilihan raya Persekutuan Tanah Melayu (PTM) antara tahun 1948-1959. FPTP merupakan sistem pemilihan calon yang bertanding dalam sesebuah kawasan pilihan raya dan calon yang memperoleh undi terbesar dikira sebagai pemenang meskipun mereka yang mengundi calon tersebut bukanlah kumpulan yang memperoleh majoriti mutlak. Objektif artikel ini bertujuan mengenal pasti permulaan prinsip FPTP dan sejauh mana ia membantu mewujudkan dominasi Melayu dalam dua pilihan raya umum era 1950-an. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekan sejarah dengan menggunakan sumber-sumber primer di Arkib Negara yang terdiri daripada Colonial Office, laporan kerajaan dan akhbar. Melalui penelitian ke atas sumber, didapati FPTP secara jelas mula dipraktikkan dalam pilihan raya peringkat negeri tahun 1954. Pelaksanaan prinsip ini di peringkat kawasan pilihan raya dilihat tidak bermasalah kerana sistem tersebut hanya memerlukan seorang calon dengan undi terbesar diisytihar sebagai pemenang. Kemenangan Perikatan dengan keahlian majoriti dalam majlis perundangan bagi pilihan raya 1955 membolehkan rundingan ke arah kemerdekaan mengambil langkah yang lebih serius. Dalam konteks sistem pilihan raya, Suruhanjaya Reid, badan yang bertanggungjawab merangka perlembagaan merdeka, memutuskan bahawa sistem pemilihan yang akan dipraktikkan dalam pilihan raya pasca merdeka adalah berasaskan prinsip FPTP. Suruhanjaya Reid juga mengambil pendekatan memastikan sempadan kawasan pilihan raya mestilah bersandarkan dominasi Melayu. Harapan tersebut jelas tergambar dalam Pilihan Raya Umum 1959 apabila 66 daripada 104 kawasan pilihan raya yang dipertandingkan adalah dominasi Melayu. Kata kunci: First Past The Post; Suruhanjaya Reid; orang Melayu; pilihan raya; Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. Abstract This article discusses the introduction of the First Past the Post (FPTP) principle in the electoral system in the Federation of Malaya (FOM) between 1948 and 1959. FPTP is a system of selecting candidates contesting in an electoral seat, and the candidate with the highest votes is declared the victor, even if they did not manage to obtain a total majority. This article aims to identify the genesis of the FPTP principle, and to what extent did it ensure Malay dominance in the two general elections in the 1950s. This study uses the historical approach, referring to primary sources in the National Archives such as the Colonial Office (CO) Files, government reports, and periodicals. Through a close reading of the sources, the FPTP was first implemented in the state-level elections in 1954. The implementation of this principle at this electoral level was not negatively viewed as the system only required the candidate with the largest number of votes declared victor. The Alliance victory in the 1955 legislative council elections paved the way for more serious talks towards Independence. Within the context of the electoral system, the Reid Commission, responsible for drafting the constitution, agreed that the selection system for post-Independence elections should be based on the FPTP principle. The Reid Commission also suggests the delineation of election boundaries must be based on Malay dominance. This suggestion was evident in the 1959 General Elections, when 66 out of 104 contested election seats were Malay-dominated. Keywords: First Past The Post; Reid Commission; Malays; election; Federation of Malaya.

Key concepts: Humanities, Political science, Art

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Pilihan Raya di Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, 1948-1959 dan Pengenalan First Past The Post (Election in Federation of Malaya, 1948-1959 and Introduction of First Past The Post) — Research Paper | ScholarLens