Biological Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-?) in Systemic Inflammation. Running title: TNF-? for systemic inflammation

Aim. The purpose of this article review is to investigate the biological effects of TNF-? in systemicinflammation at moderate levels. TNF-? is a product of macrophages, one of the body’s defence systemsthat is active in the presence of a bacterial infection.Background. TNF-? plays a role in host defence for bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. TNF-? isproduced by macrophages and is activated by T cell lymphocytes, antigens, NK cells, and mast cells. TNF-?is usually not detected in healthy individuals but is often found in conditions of inflammation and infectionin the serum. TNF-? works against leukocytes and endothelium, induces acute inflammation at low levelsbecause TNF-? is a strong pyrogen. TNF-? plays a role in systemic inflammation at moderate levels. TNF-?causes pathological abnormalities in high levels of septic shock, because TNF-? is cytotoxic.Riview Results. In the review of this article we get results about the biological effects of TNF-? on systemicinflammation at moderate levels and their role in the humoral and cellular immune systems.Conclusion. TNF-? has a biological effect on systemic inflammation at moderate levels and has a strong rolein the humoral and cellular immune systems.