Wetland Conservation and Restoration

Wetlands are transition zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems where land is often covered by shallow water. They are the most important and unique systems on earth and considered as “kidney” of earth. These ecosystems support the diversity of natural biota including migratory birds as well as other flora and fauna. They are beneficial in innumerable ways as they help in nutrient recycling, flood attenuation, groundwater recharge, water purification as well as providing food, water supply, fuel, fodder, wildlife habitat, recreation, and other vital needs. Since ages, wetlands have served as a lifeline to societies relying upon them for their basic needs and livelihoods, providing sustainable resources and also promoting economic activities. Urban development and population growth have resulted in overexploitation of these ecosystems leading to their degradation. The main culprits are conversion threats resulting due to industrial, urban, and agricultural development. Wetland degradation is a serious issue that leads to serious environmental problems and ecological destruction. Unsustainable fishing, grazing activities have greatly contributed to the degradation problem. Continuous degradation of these ecosystems leads to overall Wetland loss, i.e. either a physical loss in terms of area or loss in their functioning. Over the last few decades, the profit-making exploitative attitude of society has caused severe stress on these ecosystems leading to destruction, thus hampering their functioning. Therefore, a strong strategy should be made for the conservation of these ecosystems which should encompass (i) Understanding of the wetland degradation process and conservation strategies; (ii) Collaborative management plans; (iii) Prevention measures for wetland loss; and (iv) Restoration and sustainable development. Along with the abovementioned points, effective coordination among different lawmakers and ministries is also essential for the protection of these ecosystems. Thus, in the present chapter, a holistic view regarding significance, reasons for degradation, consequences of wetland degradation, the current status of management strategies and, ultimately, their restoration and sustainability will be given.