Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Relocated Deep Low‐Frequency Earthquakes Beneath 52 Volcanic Regions in Japan Over an Analysis Period of 14 Years and 9 Months

Abstract We constructed a catalog of deep low‐frequency (DLF) earthquakes beneath 52 volcanic regions in Japan to investigate their seismicity based on three analyses: relocation, classification, and detection. Relocation and classification analyses were based on waveform correlation, and detection analysis was conducted using the matched filter technique. We detected a total of 105,327 DLF earthquakes and found that DLF earthquakes in many regions are spatially clustered with a spatial spread of only 1–2 km with approximately 5 km intervals between the lower limit of crustal earthquakes and Moho discontinuity. Based on temporal seismicity patterns, DLF earthquake groups in each region can be classified into episodic and non‐episodic types. Episodic groups consist of seismic swarms and quiescence. In some episodic groups, DLF earthquakes have constant recurrence interevent times or increasing interevent times as a function of time. Swarms of DLF earthquakes sometimes are associated with volcanic activities at the surface, which are crustal deformations of Meakan volcano, 2007 and 2014 eruptions of Ontake volcano, and the 2015 magma intrusion of Sakurajima volcano. The spatiotemporal characteristics of DLF earthquake groups may be linked to the movement of magmatic fluids. The discrete vertical separation of DLF earthquake groups may reflect small‐scale heterogeneities, such as injected magma. Periodic activity patterns may be caused by volcanic mechanisms, such as intermittent magma flow. The variety of DLF earthquake patterns may suggest that multiple mechanisms, including magma cooling and intermittent magma flow in complex magma supply systems, may trigger DLF earthquakes rather than a single mechanism.