Influence of Cohesion on Scour at Piers Founded in Clay–Sand–Gravel Mixtures

An accurate prediction of scour depth around bridge piers is crucial for economical and safe design of bridge pier foundations. The main objective of the present study is to identify the influencing cohesive parameters and their effects on the local scour processes around bridge piers, depending on various proportions of clay–sand–gravel mixtures. Twenty experimental tests were performed in a channel 25 m long and 1.0 m wide for this purpose. Runs lasted from 16 to 40 h. It was noted from the experimental work that an increment of clay fraction significantly reduces the scour depth around bridge piers. It was also observed that the initiation of scour occurred at the sides of the pier where separation of flow occurred. Typically, the maximum scour depth at the equilibrium stage was still observed at the sides of the pier. A dimensional analysis was used to propose mathematical relationships assessing the temporal scour depth variation at the wake and sides of the pier. The developed relationships yielded reasonable results with maximum error of two folds for 95.22% of total data sets for scour depth at the wake and 92.57% of the total data sets for scour depth at the sides of the pier.