Molecular-Based Techniques for the Study of Microbial Communities in Artworks

Abstract Thanks to the revolutionary invention of the polymerase chain reaction and the sequencing of DNA and RNA by means of “Sanger sequencing” in the 1970th and 1980th, it became possible to detect microorganisms in art and cultural assets that do not grow on culture media or that are non-viable. The following generation of sequencing systems (next generation sequencing, NGS) already allowed the detection of microbial communities on objects without the intermediate step of cloning, but still most of the NGS technologies used for the study of microbial communities in objects of art rely on “target sequencing” linked to the selectivity of the primers used for amplification. Today, with the third generation of sequencing technology, whole genome and metagenome sequencing is possible, allowing the detection of taxonomic units of all domains and kingdoms as well as functional genes in the produced metagenome. Currently, Nanopore sequencing technology is a good, affordable, and simple way to characterize microbial communities, especially in the field of Heritage Science. It also has the advantage that a bioinformatic analysis can be performed automatically. In addition to genomics and metagenomics, other “-omics” techniques such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have a great potential for the study of processes in art and cultural heritage, but are still in their infancy as far as their application in this field is concerned.