Diversity of birds recorded at different altitudes in central Nepal Himalayas

Factors determining the spatial distribution of bird species along altitudinal gradients have been important in their ecological and biogeographical research. Here, have used the data on bird species recorded in Manang, central Nepal Himalayas and attempt to determine the drivers of bird species diversity. We also carried out indicator species analysis to observe if any bird species are associated with different altitudinal ranges and land use gradients. We recorded 1331 individuals belonging to 82 species of both resident and itinerant birds. In our study, altitude was the major factor determining species richness and abundance. Position of study localities is main factor determining bird community composition. Diversity of bird species were mainly found in habitats that were far human settlements, having high annual mean temperature and more roughness. Species diversity was high during July-August compared to September-October and in north-facing slopes, and also in shrub and tree covered areas than grassland and places with mostly snow and grassland. Indicator species analysis showed only 21 species were significantly associated with altitudinal gradients, mostly below 3000 m a.s.l. and only eight bird species were associated with two land use gradients (grassland and snow-glacier). In conclusion, position of sampled localities, altitude, aspect, land use types and different climatic factors were important determinants of bird diversity along altitudinal gradients in Manang. To protect bird diversity in Manang, we need to protect habitats that are located mainly in low altitudes for most of the bird species. However, high altitude habitats with snow and glaciers are also important for few bird species. Thus, a large area with heterogenous habitats is important for bird species management and conservation.