Magmatic-Hydrothermal Superlarge Metallogenic Systems——A Case Study of the Nannihu Ore Field

Located in the Qinling (秦岭) molybdenum metallogenic belt on the southern margin of North China craton, the Nannihu (南泥湖) molybdenum (-tungsten) ore field, consisting of the Nannihu, Sandaozhuang (三道幢), and Shangfang (上房) deposits, represents a superlarge skarn-porphyry molybdenum (-tungsten) accumulation. Outside the ore field, there are some hydrothermal lead-zinc-silver deposits found in recent years, for example, the Lengshuibeigou (冷水北沟), Yindonggou (银洞沟), Yangshuwa (杨树凹), and Yinhegou (银河沟) deposits. Ore-forming fluid geochemistry indicates that these deposits belong to the same metallogenic system. The hydrothermal solutions were mainly derived from primary magmatic water in the early stage and from the mixture of the primary magmatic water and meteoric water in the later stage, with an obvious decreasing tendency in temperature, salinity and gas-liquid ratio of fluid inclusions. Sulfur and lead isotope data show that the ore-forming substances and related porphyries were mainly derived from the lower crust, and a hidden magmatic chamber is indicated by aeromagnetic anomaly and drill hole data indicate that the Nannihu granite body extends to being larger and larger with depth increasing. The large-scale mineralization was the consequence of lithospheric extension during the late stage of the tectonic regime when the main compressional stress changed from NS-trending to EW-trending.