Growing cover crops in organic arable crop rotations: Best practices from Denmark (OK-Net Arable Practice abstract)

When sown correctly at the right time, in the right position within the rotation, cover crops retain nutrients, conserve water, prevent soil erosion, improve soil fertility and quality, and suppress weeds. Growing cover crops is recognized as a climate-smart agricultural practice. \nPractical recommendation \nWhere to position and when to time cover crops in the rotation? \n• Grow cover crops in the 1st and 2nd year after ploughing of clover-grass to avoid nitrogen losses. \n• Grow nitrogen fixing cover crops on soils with low fertility. \n• Sow cover crops into or immediately after the main crop. In row crops, sow the cover crop in combination with the last hoeing. If the harvest of the main crop is rather early, sow the cover crop after harvest. \n• The earlier a cover crop is sown in August, less nitrogen is lost. Each day of delay in sowing a cruciferous cover crop in August results in loss of about 2 kg of N per ha. \n• Do not sow cruciferous cover crops into main crops shortly before the harvest, as weed competition may be too high for successful establishment of the cover crop. \n• Cover crops sown in spring usually establish well and safely. For spring-sown cover crops use clover mix rather than ryegrass to satisfy nitrogen needs. \n• On sandy soils with irrigation, undersow spring crops with wide row distances after the main crop has developed 1-2 nodes high to allow hoeing of the main crop in early stages. \n• In winter crops, sow cover crops (clover mix rather than ryegrass) in spring as early as possible. \n• Use cover crops after application of large amounts of solid manure, as it helps to retain the nitrogen. \n• In lupines or broad beans, undersow a cover crop followed by a spring crop the next year. If a winter crop is chosen instead, perennial weeds might flourish. \nCover crops and weed control \n• Problems with creeping thistle, sow-thistle and coltsfoot do not rule out cover crops: Sow the cover crop immediately after an early harvest and ploughing. Repeat ploughing in spring before sowing a spring crop. \n• To reduce couch-grass, mechanical treatment in autumn is more efficient than growing a cover crop.