2020International Journal of Theoretical and Mathematical PhysicsOpen access

About the Existence of Black Holes

Doron Kwiat

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Abstract

The existence of black holes is based on singularity in the Schwarzschild metric at the Schwarzschild radius. Another singularity is at r = 0. These singularities of a spherically symmetric non-rotating, uncharged mass of radius R, are considered here.Considering Newton's shell theorem, the gravitational potential falls off linearly with r for . The point r = 0 is an infinitesimally small location in space. No mass can be indefinitely condensed to this point. Thus, when investigating the concept of a mass, one has to consider its finite radius. By including the shell theorem for , the singularity at is removed. It is also shown, that a situation where rs is possible. Therefore, the existence of a photon sphere light ring does not necessarily indicate a black hole.It is shown, that the condition for a gravitational collapse is and not Further in this work, the question of maximal density is considered and compared to the quantum limit of mass density put by Planck's units as dictated from dimensional analysis.There are two main claims here:1. Black holes (if exist) will result only if the Schwarzschild radius is larger than 2/3R.2. General relativity leads to quantization of gravity.

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The existence of black holes is based on singularity in the Schwarzschild metric at the Schwarzschild radius. Another singularity is at r = 0. These singularities of a spherically symmetric non-rotating, uncharged mass of radius R, are considered here.Considering Newton's shell theorem, the gravitational potential falls off linearly with r for . The point r = 0 is an infinitesimally small location in space. No mass can be indefinitely condensed to this point. Thus, when investigating the concept of a mass, one has to consider its finite radius. By including the shell theorem for , the singularity at is removed. It is also shown, that a situation where rs is possible. Therefore, the existence of a photon sphere light ring does not necessarily indicate a black hole.It is shown, that the condition for a gravitational collapse is and not Further in this work, the question of maximal density is considered and compared to the quantum limit of mass density put by Planck's units as dictated from dimensional analysis.There are two main claims here:1. Black holes (if exist) will result only if the Schwarzschild radius is larger than 2/3R.2. General relativity leads to quantization of gravity.

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Available abstract

The existence of black holes is based on singularity in the Schwarzschild metric at the Schwarzschild radius. Another singularity is at r = 0. These singularities of a spherically symmetric non-rotating, uncharged mass of radius R, are considered here.Considering Newton's shell theorem, the gravitational potential falls off linearly with r for . The point r = 0 is an infinitesimally small location in space. No mass can be indefinitely condensed to this point. Thus, when investigating the concept of a mass, one has to consider its finite radius. By including the shell theorem for , the singularity at is removed. It is also shown, that a situation where rs is possible. Therefore, the existence of a photon sphere light ring does not necessarily indicate a black hole.It is shown, that the condition for a gravitational collapse is and not Further in this work, the question of maximal density is considered and compared to the quantum limit of mass density put by Planck's units as dictated from dimensional analysis.There are two main claims here:1. Black holes (if exist) will result only if the Schwarzschild radius is larger than 2/3R.2. General relativity leads to quantization of gravity.

Key concepts: Physics, Schwarzschild radius, Schwarzschild metric, Planck length, Photon sphere, Ring singularity, Black hole (networking), General relativity

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