Interplay of southern, western, and northern sources during deposition of North Wales Carboniferous sandstones, determined from heavy minerals, mineral chemistry, and detrital zircon ages

A study of heavy mineral assemblages, rutile compositions, and detrital zircon age populations in Namurian to Westphalian sandstones in North Wales, deposited in the southwestern part of the Pennine Basin of the United Kingdom, has revealed considerable complexity in their provenance history. The Pendleian to Marsdenian Cefn‐y‐fedw Sandstone Formation, which is known to have been derived from the Wales–Brabant Massif (WBM) to the south on the basis of palaeocurrent and petrographic information, has a heavy mineral assemblage characteristic of this southerly provenance, and includes Late Neoproterozoic zircons apparently of local WBM origin. However, the formation is dominated by zircons that were most probably recycled from sandstones of northern origin from the Caledonian Belt that had been previously deposited over the massif during Late Devonian times, and, as such, has a comparable history to the sedimentologically‐equivalent Morridge Formation of the English Midlands. Heavy mineral analysis shows that sandstones in the Brigantian Minera Formation and Yeadonian part of the Bowland Shale Formation are of similar southern provenance. The Yeadonian Gwespyr Sandstone, previously interpreted as having a northern origin, similar to the time‐equivalent Rough Rock, has variations in heavy mineral analysis and zircon spectrum that suggest a complex provenance history and includes sand bodies with northern, western, and southern origins.