A Comparative Analysis of New Public Management New Public Service and New Public Governance

The objectives of this research article are 1) to study and compare the philosophy, foundation, essence, similarity, and the difference of the New Public Management, New Public Service and New Public Governance and 2) to propose the guidelines for the implementation of New Public Management, New Public Service and New Public Governance used in public administration. The population and sample groups are 19 books, textbooks, articles and researches per subject. The research tools are the document survey form and the record form. The data analysis uses content analysis and discourse analysis. The research findings showed that 1) New Public Management (NPM) had philosophy and foundation that focused on empirical and logical positivist. The elements and the essences of NPM were a catalytic, community-owned, competitive, mission-driven, result-oriented, customer-driven, privatized, anticipatory, decentralized, and market-oriented government. New Public Service (NPS) had philosophy and foundation that focused on normative. There were seven significances of the concept of NPS. Those were serving as citizens not customers, searching for the public interest, value citizenship over entrepreneurship, thinking strategically and acting democratically, recognizing that accountability was not simple, serving rather than steering and valuing the people, not just productivity. New Public Governance (NPG) had philosophy and foundation that focused on normative. The elements and the essence of NPG were decentralization to local governments and civil societies to be a strong social partnership. The state reduced role and authority, focused on networking, a diversity of mutual cooperation, trust, norm of social exchange, sacrifice and social responsibility. NPS was significantly different from the NPM in several aspects. NPS had similarity in philosophy and foundation to the concepts of NPG. 2) New Public Management can be applied in the public management in several cases such as Budgeting Cutback, Reduction in Force, Corporatization or Privatization, Market Testing or Contestability, Devolution of the Centralized Control, Downsizing, Performance Agreement, Contract Out or Outsourcing, etc. The New Public Service can lead to the implementation in several cases, for example,Popular Participation, Active Citizen, establishment of people's council or Public Consultation Council, increase of roles of the people's council or community organizations in the public management. Meanwhile, New Public Governance concept leads to the operation both in the enhancement of Public Private Partnership (PPP) and Public and Private Network.