Selection effects shaping the Gamma Ray Burst redshift distributions

Aims. Long Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) are associated to the death of massive stars and have been discovered, so far, up to z=6.29. Therefore, they hold the promise of probing star-formation and metal enrichment up to very high redshifts. However, the present GRB samples with redshift determinations are largely incomplete, and therefore a careful analysis of selection effects plaguing these samples is mandatory before any conclusion can be drawn from the observed GRB redshift distribution. Methods. To this purpose we study and compare three well defined samples of long GRBs detected by Swift, HETE2 and BeppoSAX. Results. We find that Swift GRBs are, on average, slighly fainter and harder than BeppoSAX and HETE2 GRBs, as expected due to the higher energy range (15-150 keV) in which Swift GRBs are detected and localized, compared to BeppoSAX and HETE2 ( ≈ 2 − 20 keV). Gas and dust obscuration plays a role in shaping both the GRB samples and, most interestingly, the present samples of GRBs with redshift determination. In particular, we argue that the majority of the bright Swift GRBs without redshift might actually be z < ∼ 2 events, and therefore that the present Swift GRB sample with redshift is biased against low–z GRBs. On the other hand, the detection of bright UV rest-frame afterglows from high–z GRBs, and even from those