As Many Stars as in the Sky

This chapter deals with Roman architecture, analyzing examples by means of their typologies. Roman urban principles are introduced using three examples that range from a gigantic city (Rome) to the limited planned city (Pompeii) and an enclave that started life as a military retirement settlement (Barcelona). All are studied in detail in order to explain basic Roman urban features. Construction basics occupy a large section of the chapter as descriptions of concrete, the arcuated structural system, the Roman architectural orders and use of the Greek architectural orders are included. Study of the different architectural typologies is detailed, including the domestic types of the domus, insula, villa and palace. Architectural methodology in terms of design and resulting architectural artifacts is discussed in great detail and contrasted with other cultures. A detailed examination of the work of Vitruvius is also included, as well as how an appreciation of Roman architecture during the Renaissance birthed the very first historic preservation activities. Descriptions of some of the earliest conservation interventions are also part of the chapter. Conservation strategies related to Pompeii are analyzed, as well as their impact during the 18th and 19th centuries.