An Analysis of Metaphor In Tortilla Flat Novel by John Steinbeck

Metaphor is one of the figurative languages. Metaphor is often found in literary works,such as novel, poem, and short story. It aims at making the language in literary works moreinteresting and it can entertain the readers.In this research, the writer focus on metaphoricalexpression found in the novel. Novels are a form of communication in literary works that areconveyed through language. The novel is a medium that conveys the writer's opinion aboutcertain phenomena to the reader through a story. Novels are literary works that cannot beseparated from language. The language in the novel has a very high aesthetic value. One ofthese aesthetic values is called language style. In certain situations, the reader likes the novelbecause of the author, not because of the story in the novel. This certainly becomes aphenomenon in the world of authorship.Therefore, the purpose of this research are to find thetypes of metaphor and meaning of metaphor in Tortilla Flat novel by John Steinbeck.Metaphors are implicit comparisons without using the words like or as.Metaphors are based on the same similarity or common features. It can be said that ametaphor is an expression of comparing one entity with another entity that has the samecharacteristics (Ullman 1962: 78). Ullman classifies metaphors into four types such as (1)anthropomorphic metaphors, (2) animal metaphors, (3) from concrete to abstract metaphors,and (4) synaesthetic metaphors. Anthropomorphic metaphors are a type of metaphor based onparts of the human body or human characteristics compared to inanimate objects. Animalmetaphors are a type of metaphor derived from animal characteristics. From concrete toabstract is a type of metaphor which is the transfer of concrete thing to abstract experience orfrom abstract to concrete things. Synaestetic metaphors are metaphors that are based on thetransfer of conception or senses. Metaphors are also expressions where words or conceptphrases are represented through figures of speech for other words or concept phrases.Metaphors are also expressions where words or concept phrases are represented throughfigures of speech for other words or concept phrases.Thus according to Chatman (1968) who also explained that metaphors can beunderstood if there is a comparison between one and the other. However, metaphors areconsidered difficult especially in understanding their meaning. This is certainly influenced bythe background of the reader. Nigel Armstrong (2005: 189) states that deep attention isneeded because the comparison is implicitly spoken and often uses imaginary. Furthermore,the meaning is classified Leech (1981: 9-19) in seven types, namely; (1) conceptual meaning,(2) connotative meaning, (3) social meaning, (4) affective meaning, (5) reflected meaning, (6)collocative meaning, and (7) thematic meaning. Conceptual meaning is the meaningaccording to the dictionary and logical definition. Connotative meaning is the meaningemphasized on the purpose of the language being communicated. Social meaning is themeaning based on the social condition of the use of the language. Affective meaning is themeaning based on the feelings and attitudes of the speaker / writer towards the listener.Reflected meaning is the meaning that is emphasized in association with other tastes from thesame expression langguage use. Collocative meaning is emphasized through association withwords that are tend occur in the environment of other words. Thematic meaning is themeaning that is emphasized from the way how messages are arranged in order and emphasis.This research employed descriptive qualitative research. The data in this research areTortilla Flat novel by John Steinback based on Ullman and Leech’s theories. The techniqueof collecting data is done by (a) reading the novel, (b) identifying the data which containmetaphor, (c) grouping the words or sentences which contain metaphor, (d) classifying thedata based on the types and meanings of metaphor, and then (e) putting all the collected datain the table. The technique of analyzing the data is done by (a) collecting data, (b) analyzingdata that are types and meanings of metaphor, (c)giving explanations and (d) drawingconclusions.The result of this study are divided into two parts, types and meanings of metaphor.the writer found out that there are four types of metaphor found in Tortilla Flat novel by JohnSteinbeck. The types of metaphor are anthropomorphic, animal, from concrete to abstract,and synaesthetic metaphor. The writer found all of the types of metaphor proposed by Ullman.The writer found seventeen anthropomorphic metaphors, nine animal metaphors, twenty onefrom concrete to abstract metaphors and three synaesthetic metaphors. The writer only foundthat there are three meanings of metaphor found in the data.The meanings of metaphor aresocial meaning, affective meaning, and reflected meaning. The writer found eleven meaningson social meaning, thirty one on affective meaning and eight on reflected meaning.After that,the writer found out that the metaphor is influenced by metaphorical concept, the topic, image,and point of similarity.The writer found the topic in every data but not the image and thepoint of similarity. The writer draws the metaphorical concept that some of the image arestated implicit and the point of similarity is not stated.Keywords: Metaphor, Topic, Image, Synaesthethic