On Engels’ New Understanding of Capitalism in His Later Years and Its Enlightenment in the New Era

马克思逝世之后，恩格斯从幕后走到了台前，独自承担起指导国际共产主义运动的工作。面对资本主义世界出现的工业革命引起经济结构的变化、资本主义从自由竞争阶段走向垄断阶段以及工人阶级生活状况的改善这些新现象，晚年的恩格斯进行了详尽的考察和分析。他立足于欧洲大陆经济状况的分析，深入挖掘出了股份制这一新事物中所蕴含的社会主义的因素，由此呼吁无产阶级应当依据不同的历史阶段采取不同的革命策略，从而进一步发展了“两个必然”和“两个决不会”的理论。这些新认识为新时代的中国在推动社会主义经济建设、坚持人民主体立场以及完善共产主义道路方面带来了重大启迪。 After Marx’s death, Engels went from behind the scenes to the stage, and took on the task of guiding the international communist movement alone. In the face of the changes of economic structure caused by the industrial revolution in the capitalist world, the transformation of capitalism from the stage of free competition to the stage of monopoly and the improvement of the living conditions of the working class, Engels in his later years made a detailed investigation and analysis. Based on the analysis of the economic situation of the continent of Europe, he dug out the socialist factors contained in the new thing of joint-stock system, and called on the proletariat to adopt different revolutionary strategies according to different historical stages, so as to further develop the theory of “two inevitabilities” and “two impossibilities”. These new understandings have brought great enlightenment for China in the new era in promoting socialist economic construction, adhering to the people’s main position and improving the path of communism.