Studies on the bio-efficacy of botanicals against rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola development

Triclosan (TCS) has been widely used as an antibacterial and antifungal agent in household cleaning and personal care products. The widespread use of TCS in the cleaning products poses a potential risk to the ecological system and human health due to its release into sediments, wastewater and ground water resources causing chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a fast, simple, and efficient method for monitoring TCS in the environment. In this article the studies of detection methods for TCS in the environmental samples in recent years are reviewed. Bio-efficacy of botanicals like Neem (Azadiracta indica), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Zinger (Zingiber officinale) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globules) was studied against rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola under pot conditions. The decomposed leaves of each plants @ 5,10 and 15 g/kg soil was well mixed in the soil rice seeds were sown directly in the soil. At harvest, the observations on the plant height, root length, plant weight, number of galls, nematode population on root and soil, eggs/plant, total nematode population and multiplication factor were recorded. The observations revealed that the Plant growth parameters (plant height, root length, plant weight) and nematode reproduction parameter (Number of galls, nematode population on root and soil, eggs/plant, total nematode population and multiplication factor) increased significantly over the control. The highest plant growth parameters were observed in inoculated check. The per cent reduction in the plant growth parameters over Uninoculated check was 20.61, 23.80, 28.59, 17.23, 20.42, 22.85, 16.46, 17.50, 22.53, 17.42, 1947 and 22.97 per cent in plant height,59.13, 71.72, 83.04, 48.26, 58.69, 74.34, 55.43, 66.30, 77.61, 42.39, 50.00 and 45.65 percent in root length 10.19, 15.19, 21.66, 10.83, 17.20, 29.93, 12.74, 16.56, 23.57, 10.19, 14.01, and 17.83, percent in plant weight,54.98, 58.96, 65.33, 92.98, 57.76, 62.54, 50.19, 53.38, 63.56, 43.42, 49.80 and 59.36 percent in number of gall/ plant, 60.23, 72.56, 81.11, 53.08, 66.60, 76.73, 52.68, 62.22, 73.16, 45.72, 56.85 and 69.78 percent in root population, 72.68, 80.68, 86.06, 70.47, 76.81, 82.14, 67.79, 73.16, 81.25, 60.31 and 78.90 percent in eggs population/plant, 57.39, 62.07, 69.12, 56.14, 67.78, 55.34, 60.62, 66.63, 47.63, 35.15, and 57.04 percent in soil population, 68.66, 75.12, 81.01, 66.11, 72.25, 77.85, 63.96, 69.37, 76.87, 56.37, 65.35 and 72.37 percent in total nematode, 68.72, 75.08, 81.09, 66.07, 72.26, 77.91, 63.95, 69.43, 76.85, 56.36, 65.37 and 72.44, percent in multiplication factor.