Policy and management actions that resulted in curbing rhinoceros poaching

Abstract Nepal almost eliminated poaching of the greater one‐horned rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis over the past decade, although poaching of other rhinoceros species remains a major problem in other Asian countries, as well as in Africa. It is important to understand the processes leading to declines in poaching in Nepal that may provide insight into possible anti‐poaching interventions in other parts of world. We argue that coordinated actions that led to (a) strengthened institutional mechanisms, (b) improved community participation and (c) enhanced interagency coordination all focused on dismantling illegal trade networks contributed to curbing poaching in Nepal. The Government of Nepal (GoN) created a new institutional mechanism both at central and district levels aimed at formulating policies and collaborating with enforcement agencies. Security agencies (Nepal Police and Army) were given responsibilities in and around rhinoceros habitat, and local citizens, mostly youths, were involved in surveillance and reporting of poaching activities. Targeted arrests and prosecutions were carried out that resulted in much higher conviction rates than previously. Synthesis and applications. Nepal's achievement in curbing rhinoceros poaching is a result of the collective and coordinated action of multiple stakeholders. Interagency coordination brought together the strength of each stakeholder, making it possible to fill critical gaps in anti‐poaching campaigns. There is a need for continued engagement of local communities, interagency cooperation and better training of law enforcement staff to sustain past achievements.