Theories of motivation

Motivation is vital for learning, because it can lead to enthusiasm, risk-taking, perseverance and commitment from pupils. Lack of motivation can lead to fear of failure, low self-esteem and low self-expectations, which lead to poor performance and a downward spiral. Teachers cannot control the motivation of a student but can act in ways that are most likely to influence motivation, whether positively or negatively. Theories of motivation are based on the idea that there is no random behaviour: whatever we do, we do for a reason. The main criticism of Maslow&s;s theory concerns his ideas of self-actualisation, because his methods were not rigorous. Motivation can be intrinsic or extrinsic. Authentic learning tasks are more likely to cognitively engage pupils. The researchers found that motivation is complex and the result of causal chains rather than single causes. Achieving the goals and being given praise and feedback should raise self-esteem and motivation. SMART goals are specific, measurable, attainable, and realistic and timebound.