Parallel Versus Antiparallel β‐Sheet Structure in Cyclic Peptide Hybrids Containing γ‐ or δ‐Cyclic Amino Acids

Cyclic peptides with disc-shaped structures have emerged as potent building blocks for the preparation of new biomaterials in fields ranging from biological to material science. In this work, we analyze in depth the self-assembling properties of a new type of cyclic peptides based on the alternation of α-residues and cyclic δ-amino acids (α,δ-CPs). To examine the preferred stacking properties adopted by cyclic peptides bearing this type of amino acids, we carried out a synergistic in vitro/in silico approximation by using simple dimeric models and then extended to nanotubes. Although these new cyclic peptides (α,δ-CPs) can interact either in a parallel or antiparallel fashion, our results confirm that although the parallel β-sheet is more stable, it can be switched to the antiparallel stacking by choosing residues that can establish favorable cross-strand interactions. Moreover, the subsequent comparison by using the same methodology but applied to α,γ-CPs models, up to the moment assumed as antiparallel-like d,l-α-CPs, led to unforeseen conclusions that put into question preliminary conjectures about these systems. Surprisingly, they tend to adopt a parallel β-sheet directed by the skeleton interactions. These results imply a change of paradigm with respect to cyclic peptide designs that should be considered for dimers and nanotubes.