Coral reefs ecosystem degradation at Nusa Penida, Bali

Abstract Coral reefs interference by multiple threats from local and global source. The aggregate effects of local stressors such as tourism activity, pollution, overfishing, and coral harvesting can decrease resilience of the reefs. Furthermore, increased ocean temperatures, changing ocean chemistry, and sea level rise are the greatest global threats to coral reef ecosystems. The objective of this work is to assess coral reefs ecosystem degradation at Nusa Penida (NP), Bali. In this works, monitoring of coral reef ecosystem was conduct by transect photographs on May and October 2018. We observed the evidence of coral reefs degradation in the site, particularly on the northern and southern reefs area. We also found that algal cover much higher than our previous monitoring activities, linked to higher coral mortality at these locations.