Similarity of dissipation and enstrophy in particle-induced small-scale turbulence

Direct numerical simulations and the immersed boundary method show that finite-size particles greatly enhance small-scale motions. Enstrophy and dissipation become similar in this augmented small-scale turbulence, as manifest in statistical relations and spatial distributions. This kind of similarity also exists in single-phase high-Reynolds-number turbulence but not in low-Reynolds-number turbulence.