Posaconazole versus Itraconazole as Prophylactic Antifungal Agents during Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Real-World Single Center Comparison

Objective: To prevent invasive fungal disease (IFD) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, the use of posaconazole as a prophylactic antifungal agent has become standard in patients undergoing induction chemotherapy.However, there are few data comparing itraconazole and posaconazole as prophylactic antifungal agents in the real world.Methods: Patients at the Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, who were treated with itraconazole or posaconazole for preventing IFD during induction chemotherapy for AML from January 2009 to April 2018, were included in the study.The collected clinical data were reviewed, and IFD was diagnosed using the revised definition of IFD from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group.Results: A total of 53 patients were recruited to receive either posaconazole (n= 29) or itraconazole (n= 24).IFD occurred in seven patients (29.1%) who used posaconazole and in six patients (20.6%) who used itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis (P= 0.475).The 100-day mortality rate was 4 (13.8%) in the posaconazole group and 2 (8.3%) in the itraconazole group (P= 0.535).Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the incidence of IFD and 100-day mortality between the patients with induction chemotherapy for newly diagnosed AML who received posaconazole and itraconazole as prophylactic antifungal agents.These results suggest that it would be worthwhile to ascertain whether posaconazole is widely known as a better approach than itraconazole as prophylactic antifungal agents in the real-world.