A novel system for maintaining Varroa destructor mites on artificial diets and its application for studying mites as a vector for honey bee viruses

Abstract The mite Varroa destructor is one of the most destructive parasites of the honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) and the primary cause of colony collapse in most regions of the world. These mites cause serious injury to their hosts, especially during the larval and pupal stages, and serve as the vector for several viruses, which affect honey bee health causing colony death. Attempts by beekeepers to control these mites have yielded limited success. The inability to rear populations of mites in vitro that excludes contact with their honey bee hosts has stymied research of Varroa biology. Previous attempts to rear and/or maintain Varroa mites in vitro by feeding them on artificial diets have had limited success. Several methods were plagued by mechanical failures including leaking membranes and, thus far, none have been widely adopted. Here we report a robust system for maintaining Varroa mites that includes an artificial diet, which does not contain honey bee tissue-derived components, thus making it particularly valuable in studying mite vectoring of honey bee viruses. With our system we demonstrated for the first time that Varroa mites maintained on an artificial diet supplemented with the particles of honey bee viruses, cDNA clone-derived genetically tagged Varroa destructor virus-1 and wild-type Deformed wing virus, can acquire and later transmit these viruses to recipient honey bee pupae. Along with providing an opportunity to study parasites and pathogens in the absence of honey bee hosts, this i n vitro system for Varroa mite maintenance is both scalable and consistent. These features can be used to better understand mite nutritional needs, metabolic activity, responses to chemicals and other biological functions.