Asymmetric Modulation of El Niño and La Niña and the Linkage to Tropical Pacific Decadal Variability

AbstractEl Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in a 1300-yr preindustrial control simulation of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), exhibits distinct modulation in association with tropical Pacific decadal variability (TPDV). The frequency and duration of El Nino events modulate with changes in the interbasin sea surface temperature (SST) gradient related to the leading mode of TPDV, which resembles the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO). La Nina shows similar changes with the IPO but is also controlled by changes in El Nino that often precedes La Nina, and these effects tend to cancel each other. The amplitude of ENSO, on the other hand, is closely related to the second leading mode of TPDV that affects the zonal and meridional contrast of tropical Pacific climate. Significant changes in the pattern and seasonal evolution related to this TPDV mode are found mainly for El Nino because of the nonlinear relation between the atmospheric deep convection and SSTs. The resultant changes in t...