2019arXiv (Cornell University)Open access

The relationship between stopping time and number of odd terms in Collatz sequences

Rafael O. Ruggiero

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Abstract

The Collatz sequence for a given natural number $N$ is generated by repeatedly applying the map $N$ $\rightarrow$ $3N+1$ if $N$ is odd and $N$ $\rightarrow$ $N/2$ if $N$ is even. One elusive open problem in Mathematics is whether all such sequences end in 1 (Collatz conjecture), the alternative being the possibility of cycles or of unbounded sequences. In this paper, we present a formula relating the stopping time and the number of odd terms in a Collatz sequence, obtained numerically and tested for all numbers up to $10^7$ and for random numbers up to $2^{128.000}$. This result is presented as a conjecture, and with the hope that it could be useful for constructing a proof of the Collatz conjecture.

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The Collatz sequence for a given natural number $N$ is generated by repeatedly applying the map $N$ $\rightarrow$ $3N+1$ if $N$ is odd and $N$ $\rightarrow$ $N/2$ if $N$ is even. One elusive open problem in Mathematics is whether all such sequences end in 1 (Collatz conjecture), the alternative being the possibility of cycles or of unbounded sequences. In this paper, we present a formula relating the stopping time and the number of odd terms in a Collatz sequence, obtained numerically and tested for all numbers up to $10^7$ and for random numbers up to $2^{128.000}$. This result is presented as a conjecture, and with the hope that it could be useful for constructing a proof of the Collatz conjecture.

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Available abstract

The Collatz sequence for a given natural number $N$ is generated by repeatedly applying the map $N$ $\rightarrow$ $3N+1$ if $N$ is odd and $N$ $\rightarrow$ $N/2$ if $N$ is even. One elusive open problem in Mathematics is whether all such sequences end in 1 (Collatz conjecture), the alternative being the possibility of cycles or of unbounded sequences. In this paper, we present a formula relating the stopping time and the number of odd terms in a Collatz sequence, obtained numerically and tested for all numbers up to $10^7$ and for random numbers up to $2^{128.000}$. This result is presented as a conjecture, and with the hope that it could be useful for constructing a proof of the Collatz conjecture.

Key concepts: Collatz conjecture, Sequence (biology), Mathematics, Combinatorics, Conjecture, Natural number, Stopping time, Number theory

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