Impact of altitude and anthropogenic disturbance on plant species composition, diversity, and structure at the Wof-Washa highlands of Ethiopia

The study was conducted in Wof-Washa Forest in the central highlands of Ethiopia, aiming at determining the impact of altitude and anthropogenic disturbance on plant species composition, structure, and diversity of the forest. Eighteen transect lines with 632 meters apart from each other were established from top to bottom. A total of 115 main plots for all communities with 20 × 20 m, were established along transect lines from the upper part of the forest to the river's edge. To collect data on seedlings and saplings, 5 m × 5 m and 10 m × 10 m subplots were laid respectively within the main sampling plots. For each plot the plant species were counted, diameter at breast height and height of trees and shrubs were measured. The human disturbance data were visually estimated for each plot in each community. Plant community classification was made following Ethiopia agro-ecological zones. Plant species diversity and richness were found related to human disturbance and altitude. A total of 108 species belonging to 99 genera and 57 families were identified. The results revealed that Asteraceae was the most diverse higher plant family with nine species (8.3%) followed by Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Rosaceae with six (5.5%) species each. The overall Shannon diversity and evenness index of the forest were 4.02 and 0.86 respectively. Tree/shrub, sapling and seedling densities were 664.4, 757.2 and 805.7 individual's ha −1 respectively. The total basal area of the forest was 55.99 m 2 ha -1 . About 25.7% of the importance values index was contributed by four species, Juniperus procera, Podocarpus falcatus, Ilex mitis, and Erica arborea . The similarity in species composition within the forest was low, indicating that the different parts of the forest had different floras. The presence of strong human disturbance indicates the need for immediate conservation in order to ensure sustainable utilization and management of the forest.