Towards a Shanghai electric two-wheeler cycle (SE2WC)

Driving cycles are commonly used to estimate emissions and driving behavior. This is especially relevant for electric vehicles (EVs) as their power and range is limited. Typically, range optimization and control methods are based on approximating the real driving profile of the user. However, the driving profile might vary depending on the vehicle type, street conditions, and driver. Therefore, driving cycles build the basis for EV related control topics. However, most cycles are developed for emission testing of four-wheelers not for EVs or electric two-wheelers (E2Ws). Further, standardized driving cycles are often developed for European or American street conditions not Asian ones. Therefore, a first driving cycle for E2W in Shanghai is described using different driving cycle construction methods. More than 100 E2W driving cycles are collected for a daily commuting scenario in Shanghai. E2W in Shanghai are clustered into different power levels to compare the results. Further, four driving cycle construction methods are used to construct driving cycles and compared for their applicability. As a result, the constructed driving cycle using Markov chains is used as Shanghai E2W Driving Cycle (SE2WC). The SE2WC shows similarities to other Asian city cycles but also lower speeds and accelerations due to the lower E2W power.