Real-time estimation of pneumatic tyre hysteresis loss

There are many types of losses that can be considered during vehicle motion. The rolling resistance of the pneumatic tyres plays an important role in the fuel consumption and the overall energy efficiency for on-/off-road vehicles. An experimental test-rig for a single tyre was constructed and built especially for this work. Experimental investigation of radial and bias-ply tyre loading/unloading characteristic and contact area to estimate the hysteresis loss during vehicle motion has been carried out at different operating conditions. Accordingly, an empirical formula has been concluded to estimate the hysteresis loss function of tyre construction, inflation pressure and the deformed volume. The proposed hysteresis loss equation accuracy lies within an average error of 10.6%. This equation is appropriate for a real-time vehicle system by adding tyre inflation pressure sensor and vertical deflection sensor.