Toxicity of pesticides in mixtures with different modes of action.

Mixtures of insecticides with different modes of action are usually considered very effective in resistance management programmes. In pesticide mixtures with different modes of action, one product or toxicant interferes with the metabolic detoxification of the other toxicant, thereby synergizing the toxicity of the latter toxicant, leading to their synergistic behaviour. This chapter describes pesticides in mixtures with different modes of action. Some models for predicting mixture toxicity of pesticides are also shown. The toxic effects of pesticide mixtures in the environment (including humans, aquatic and wild animals) are discussed, as well as the implementation of pesticide mixtures and rotations to combat the issue of resistance to pesticides.