Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Principles of Magnetic Resonance 2.1. Nuclear Properties 2.2. Nuclei in a Stationary Magnetic Field 2.3. Basic Principles of the NMR Experiment 2.4. Relaxation 2.5. A Short History of NMR 3. High-Resolution Solution NMR Spectroscopy 3.1. The NMR Experiment 3.1.1. Continuous Wave Methodology 3.1.2. Fourier Transform Methodology 3.2. Spectral Parameters 3.2.1. Chemical Shift 3.2.2. Spin–Spin Coupling 3.2.3. Signal Intensity 3.2.4. Relaxation Times 3.3. NMR and Structure 3.3.1. Hydrogen (1H and 2H) 3.3.2. Carbon (13C) 3.3.3. Fluorine (19F) 3.3.4. Phosphorus (31P) 3.3.5. Nitrogen (14N and 15N) 3.3.6. Oxygen (17O) 3.3.7. Silicon (29Si) 3.4. Double Resonance Techniques 3.4.1. Homonuclear Spin Decoupling 3.4.2. Heteronuclear Spin Decoupling 3.4.3. NOE Difference Spectroscopy 3.5. One-Dimensional Multi-Pulse FT Experiments 3.5.1. T1 Measurement 3.5.2. T2 Measurement 3.5.3. Spectral Editing Experiments 3.6. Multi-Dimensional NMR 3.6.1. Basic Principles 3.6.2. J-Resolved Spectra 3.6.3. Homonuclear Chemical Shift Correlation (COSY) 3.6.4. Heteronuclear Chemical Shift Correlation (HETCOR, HMQC, HSQC, HMBC) 3.6.5. Homonuclear NOE Correlation (NOESY) 3.7. NMR Spectral Collections, Databases, and Expert Systems 3.8. Applications 3.8.1. Chemical Structure Determination 3.8.2. Quantitative Chemical Analysis by NMR 3.8.3. Rate Processes and NMR Spectra 3.8.4. NMR Methods Utilized in Combinatorial Chemistry, Screening, and Biochemistry 3.8.5. Hyphenated NMR Techniques 4. NMR of Solids and Heterogeneous Systems 4.1. High-Resolution NMR of Solids 4.2. Low-Resolution or Time-Domain NMR of Heterogeneous Systems