Was Joseon Buddhism the Continuation of or Severance from Goryeo Buddhism?

The dynastic change from Goryeo to Joseon around the 14th and 15th centuries signaled the transition from Buddhism to Confucianism. The previous scholarship emphasizes the new dynasty’s religious policy, “sungyu eokbul” (promoting Confucianism and persecuting Buddhism), with the establishment of Joseon, ignoring the continuity of Buddhist tradition. The idea of “sungyu eokbul,” however, was created in modern times, reflecting modern perception of Buddhism of the time, not the reality of Joseon Buddhism. With this idea, the severance between Goryeo and Joseon and the decline of Buddhism has been regarded one of the main features of Joseon Buddhism in academia. In the late 14th century, anti-Buddhism emerged as a trend of the time, being expressed in texts and real politics. In response, Buddhist apologetic writings also appeared, arguing that Buddhism and Confucianism were not different in terms of principle and teaching, and, at the same time, the former had national, social, and ethical values.BR The Buddhist tradition that formed the core of Goryeo philosophy and culture continued in the 15th century without much loss. In particular, the Buddhist notion of afterworld and devotional rituals that had served as an important element in Goryeo religious landscape still influenced the life of Joseon people, including some yangban literati. The major traditions of both Seon and Gyo such as Imje, Cheontae, and Hwaeom also continued though reducing in size. Despite anti-Buddhist sentiment and policy, Buddhist tradition remained rather active both in philosophy and practice. Joseon Buddhism of the 15th century was indeed the continuation of the 14th century Goryeo Buddhism. Buddhism survived in the dynastic change and rather flourished. Therefore, we need to look at this period as a change and continuation of the Buddhist tradition rather than severance.