Histopathologic and Toxic Effects of Artificial Sweeteners (Caffeine and Saccharin) on Some Pregnancy Outcome Variables

Background and Objective: Pregnancy is characterized with craving for varieties of drinks, most of which containers artificial sweeteners.This study was carried out to determine and compare, by histological examination of the maternal spleen and foetal records, the effects of combined intake of varied concentrations of caffeine and saccharin on pregnant white albino rats.Materials and Methods: Four groups of 20 mated male and female rats were used in the study.Combined caffeine/saccharin syrup was administered as a single dose to three groups: Group 1 (19.20 and 1,420 mg kgG 1 b.wt., of caffeine and saccharin, respectively), group 2 (38.40 and 2,840 mg kgG 1 b.wt.,) and group 3 (76.80/5,680mg kgG 1 b.wt.,).The syrups were administered from gestation days (GD) 6-19.The fourth group (Control) had distilled water only.All rats were fed ad libitum.Histological analyses were carried out on maternal spleens on GD20.The weights of the maternal rats were recorded daily, while the weights and numbers of foetus from each treatment were recorded.Results: Histological analyses showed dose-dependent decrease in numbers and sizes of lymphoid follicles, increase in red pulp, with gradual loss of marginal zone and germinal centre.Higher dosages elicited vascular congestions.There was significant decrease in maternal and foetal body weight and number of foetuses as concentration increased.Conclusion: Combined intake of caffeine and saccharin during gestation produced significant inflammatory response.Hence, posing imminent danger to expectant mothers and developing foetuses, such sweeteners should be avoided entirely during pregnancy.