Influence of freeze-only and freezing-thawing cycles on splash erosion

Soil erosion is recognized as one of the most important types of land degradation in the world particularly in many developing countries like Iran. Water erosion is initiated by splash erosion triggered by raindrop impact. Understanding the process of splash erosion under freezing and thawing conditions is essential to unravel soil erosion mechanisms under temperate conditions leading to appropriate planning of soil and water conservation projects. The present study aimed to study the individual effects of freeze-only as well as freezing-thawing cycle on splash erosion in a loess soil from an erosion prone area in mountainous northern regions of Iran. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions using erosion plots. The erosion plots were subjected to freeze only and freeze-thawing treatments by simulating cold conditions using a large cooling compartment system specifically manufactured for this purpose. The splash erosion under a designed simulated rainfall (1.2 mm min −1 for 30 min) was then measured as upward, downward and net splash erosion in splash cups. The results showed that freeze only decreased the upward, downward and net splash erosion by 0.81 ± 0.43, 0.82 ± 0.29 and 0.85 ± 0.23% while freezing-thawing cycle decreased splash erosion to 0.93 ± 0.83, 0.61 ± 0.43 and 0.57 ± 0.36%. This may be attributed to temporary increase in soil strength and stability or surface sealing during freezing process leading to reduced splash erosion.