Sustained High- and Low-Frequency Neural Responses to Visual Stimuli in Scalp EEG

Abstract What are the neurophysiological correlates of sustained visual processing in the scalp EEG signal? In a previous study using intracranial recordings in humans, we found that presentation of visual stimuli for prolonged durations (up to 1.5 seconds) was associated with two kinds of sustained neural activity patterns: a high-frequency broadband (>30 Hz) response that tracked the duration of the stimulus with high precision in early visual cortex (EVC), and with lesser temporal precision in downstream category-selective areas; and a sustained low-frequency potential shift appearing in a small subset of EVC sites. Using a similar approach of presenting images for variable durations to identify sustained activity, we provide the first comprehensive characterization of the manifestation of sustained visual responses as recorded with EEG. In a series of four experiments, we found that both high- and low-frequency sustained responses can be detected on the scalp. The high frequency activity could be detected with high signal to noise ratio only in a subset of individual subjects, in whom it was unequivocal and highly localized. The low frequency sustained response was sensitive to the size and position of the stimulus in the visual field. Both response types showed strong lateralization for stimuli on the left vs. right visual field, suggesting a retinotopic visual cortical source. However, different scalp topographies and different modulation by stimulus properties suggest that the two types of sustained responses are likely driven by distinct sources, and reflect different aspects of sustained processing in the visual cortex.