THE NEW FACE OF VITAMIN K – MORE THAN BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR

Introduction: Twenty years ago, the metabolism of vitamin K was connected with its role in hemostasis. Since that time has been shown that vitamin K exerts multiple functions mediated by the Gla-proteins, having as a cofactor vitamin K. Numerous publications affirm that these Gla-proteins are related to physiological processes beyond coagulations such as bone metabolism, vascular health and energy homeostasis. THE AIM: The aim of this research is to provide new data for vitamin K role in a myriad of physiological processes beyond blood clotting. Additionally, it aims to assess the potential new applications of vitamin K as a supplement for prevention bone and vascular disease. Materials And Methods: Using the online databases Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar a search with the keywords: «vitamin K2», «bone metabolism», «cardiovascular diseases», «osteocalcin» and «MGP» was conducted. Information regarding the effects of vitamin K on bone and vascular health was referred to in this work. Results: Vitamin K and vitamin K-dependent-proteins play pivotal roles in the physiology of bone mineralization and in preventing ectopic calcification. Osteocalcin, a Gla protein located in bone and dentin, is important for bone mineralization. Following the posttranslational carboxylation of Glu-residues with a cofactor vitamin K2 (menaquinone), rather than vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), osteocalcin shows increased affinity for calcium. osteocalcin is believed to be involved in osteoblast regulation and hydroxyapatite crystal growth. Matrix GLa-protein (MGP), sharing some sequences with osteocalcin, is a local inhibitor of arterial calcification. Vitamin K deficiency impairs the function of osteocalcin and MGP and, therefore, presumably contributes to bone demineralization and vascular calcification, the so-called calcium paradox. Conclusions: Vitamin K deficiencies, traditionally regarded as a cause for internal hemorrhages and blood clotting disorders, apparently can be linked to cardiovascular calcification and abnormal bone modelling. Appropriate treatment of vitamin K deficiency may improve bone and arterial health.