ORIENTASI MORAL KEADILAN DAN ORIENTASI MORAL KEPEDULIAN: SUATUKECENDERUNGANPERBEDAAN ANTARA PENALARAN MORAL LAKI-LAKI DAN PEREMPUAN BERBEDA

In the long history of developmental psychology and especially that related to moral development, Kohlberg has been considered the foremost developer of moral studies although some great thinkers before him has inspired him. Along with G.H. Mead's and Baldwin's theories, Piaget's theories have influenced him the most. Kohlberg has been influenced by Piaget especially in his two basic ideas of cognitive and sequential mental structure. He has defined morality as a structure of justice, in which the end of any moral action, guidance, and sanction should guarantee individual justice. This moral concept of justice implies emphasis on human conditions like equality, freedom, reciprocity, and appreciation. of life. Truth is universal to all. In addition, Kohlberg has stated that the essential moral principle is that the principle ofjustice and this is the reason for any action so that Kohlberg gives more emphasis on the development of moral reasoning. The development of moral reasoning requires the occurrence of cognitive development, social role-taking, and socio-cognitive conflict. In the course of developing his theories, Kohlberg has been faced with some criticism, especially on his measurements, which, when applied to women, tend to place them on low-stage positions Criticism has come from Gilligan, who states that women have a different voice in morality. Women are oriented more to relationships and emphasize orientations to caring and responsibility. Moral maturity to women means ability to balance their care for others and their care for themselves. Women defines morality as a constant tension between becoming part of something greater and simultaneously a whole entity in themselves and they see the ability to live with tension as a source of moral character and moral power