Hidden Variables, Diffraction & Spacetime Topology

We explore the indeterminacy which arises when quantum mechanics is used to explain state changes of physical systems. According to the Copenhagen interpretation, the end state of a physical system generally has no determinable properties prior to being measured. Quantum mechanics can only predict probabilities of anticipated measurements results. The Copenhagen interpretation remains the most commonly taught interpretation of quantum mechanics. It holds that the act of measurement affects the system, causing the system to reduce to one of several probable states immediately upon measurement. This is known as wave function collapse. We discuss alternatives to the Copenhagen interpretation, including the de Broglie‑Bohm pilot‑wave interpretation, and we offer the spacetime topology interpretation.