Shoulder Impingement Syndrome, a Common Affliction of the Shoulder: A Comprehensive Review

The shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the human body. It comprises a ball and socket structure that enables a series of functional movements to be carried out. These range from simple movements such as reaching for the top shelf to highly explosive overhead activities which involve throwing a baseball or serving with a tennis racquet as seen in athletes. Shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) is one of the most common shoulder disorders seen in general practice. It is caused by a multitude of factors. Pathology can arise either from the rotator cuff tendon itself, structures external to this tendon or both in combination. The resultant shoulder pain with SIS not only causes distress but also limits the quality of life of patients. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the pathogenesis, aetiologies, clinical tests, investigations and management options for SIS based on current literature and research.