Voting and Popularity

For about 45 years, vote and popularity functions have been estimated for many countries, indicating that both voting intentions and actual votes are influenced by economic development. The economy is, of course, not the only and probably not always the most important factor, but there is no doubt anymore that it is an important factor. The most relevant variables are still unemployment and/or real growth, and inflation. The estimated coefficients vary considerably between countries and time periods. In studies done, retrospective sociotropic voting dominates. However, the evidence is not so univocal; rather, it tells that voting has egotropic as well as sociotropic aspects, and it is prospective as well as retrospective. It is still open what roles self-interest and altruism play in voting.