Secondary shock delay measurements from explosive trials

Following detonation of an explosive material, a series of rarefaction expansion waves collapse inwards from the \ninterface between the explosive and the surrounding air. These rarefaction waves coalesce at the centre of the \nexplosive and reflect as a shock wave. Whilst these successive shocks are small in magnitude compared to the \nprimary shock and are often ignored, the inward reflected shock immediately following the primary shock wave, \ntypically referred to as the ‘secondary shock’, is a noticeable feature on blast pressure histories and usually arrives \nafter the beginning of the negative phase. \nThis paper presents results from medium and large scale surface blast tests where accurate measurements of \nsecondary shock delay (time after arrival of the primary shock) are obtained for various explosives at various scaled \ndistances. A method is presented for adjusting the secondary shock delay time by the product of the velocity of \ndetonation divided by the cube-root of the packing density of the explosive. The relationship between this new \nsecondary shock delay parameter and scaled distance is then found to be consistent for all explosives considered. \nThis gives a new empirical method for estimating the yield of an explosive, or determining the velocity of \ndetonation, based only on measurements of the secondary shock delay.