Effects of application of exogenous NO on the physiological characteristics of perennial ryegrass grown in Cd-contaminated soil

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a nitric oxide [NO] donor) on cadmium (Cd) toxicity in ryegrass plants.In the present study, ryegrass plants subjected to Cd toxicity were treated with different concentrations of SNP (50, 100, 300 and 500 µM), SNP solution was poured into Cdcontaminated soil every seven days.Cd treatment inhibited the plants growth and the absorption of micronutrients, increased accumulation of Cd in both shoots and roots.In Cd-treated plants, the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the contents of proline, soluble protein and ascorbic acid (AsA) decreased dramatically, whereas the accumulation of superoxide anion (O 2 .-),hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly.Addition of SNP significantly decreased O 2 .-,H 2 O 2 and MDA accumulation in both shoots and roots of Cd-stressed plants, decreased the transport of Cd from roots to shoots, alleviated the inhibition of Ca, Fe, Mg and Zn absorption induced by Cd and promoted the plant growth.In SNP-treated plants, the chlorophyll content, the contents of proline, soluble protein and ascorbic acid, and the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase increased considerably.Addition of 300 µM SNP had the most significant alleviating effect against Cd toxicity while the addition of 500 µM SNP had no significant effect with Cd treatment.Based on these results, we concluded that the optimal concentrations of exogenous SNP could alleviate Cd induced stress and promote ryegrass plant growth.