Exchange processes between stratosphere and troposphere

Following a critical appraisal of tracer properties and data, an attempt is made to elucidate the nature and amount of transtropopause exchange directly, and using ozone profiles for Liverpool obtained during the I.G.Y., together with simultaneous profiles of potential temperature, and horizontal and vertical wind components.Circulation models in the troposphere and lower stratosphere are critically appraised and a favoured system presented.A model of trans-tropapause transfer is postulated from analysis of velocity components.The computed mean vertical transfer is the same order as the net transfer inferred from stratospheric residence times, suggesting the eddy mass transfers make a minor contribution.Climatological analysis of the Liverpool profiles suggest:1. Total ozone observations may not be used to infer information on ozone profiles.2. There are two apparently distinct maxima in the seasonal mean ozone at standard levels in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.The later one (June/July) was found to increase in magnitude with approach to the tropopause.We attempted verification of the nature of local (and mean) transverse circulations about the jet, inferred from evidence of other investigations,by interpreting horizontal profiles of mean ozone across the jet in the troposphere and in the 100 mb supertropopause layer, endeavouring to subdue the effects of seasonal and jet level variations.The profiles indicated almost uniformCONTENTS •••••10101.111.•••1111.1•101•10111•41•0Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Statement of the problem.p.6 1.2 The equations governing atmospheric transfer.P.9 1.3 Proposed procedure of analysis.p.13 Chapter 2 Climatological analysis of velocity, temperature and flux distributions 2.1 General p.15 2.2 Mean distributions.p.18 2.3 Eddy mixing as a transfer process.p.25 Chapter 3 The tropopause, jet-stream, frontalzone complex.3.1 Intent p.40 3.2 The tropopause and frontalzone -a descriptive account of their thermal structure.p.40 3.3 An attempt to formulate criteria for the unique deter- mination of a tropopause.p.49 3.4 Tropopause formation and maintainance.P•53 3.5 Transverse and vertical velocity components in relation to the jet axis.P•58 3.6 New analysis of wind components over the U.K., with respect to the jet.p.61 3.7 Conclusions p.63 Chapter 4 Tracers 4.1 Physical tracers.p.64 4.2 Gaseous tracers.p.68 4.3 Particulate tracers.p.74 4.4 Data and projected analysis p.79 Chapter 5 A climatological analysis of tracer distributions 5.1 Intent p.80 5.2 Water vapour p.80 5.3 Ozone p.86 5.4 Radioactive isotopes from nuclear weapons p.90 5.5 Correlation studies and deductions concerning eddy transfer in the lower stratosphere.p.105 Chapter 6 Tracer distributions relative to synoptic features 6.1 General p.109 6.2 Associations in the mean distributions with respect to axes fixed on the earth's surface.p.109 6.3 Associations between tracers and synoptic features p.111 6.4 Case studies and analyses of particle trajectories p.120 6.5 Summary p.122 Chapter 7 New analyses of U.K. data 7.1 General p.125 7.2 Data -consistency and preliminary analysis p.125 7.3 Investigation into the relationship between total ozone amounts and vertical distributions over Liverpool p.129 704 Climatological analysis in relation to transfer within the lower stratosphere p.133 7.5 Climatological analysis in relation to transfer between stratosphere and troposphere p.141 7.6 A rough analysis of transfer with respect to the jet axis using ozone integrated over specific layers p.145 7.7 Construction of normalised cross sections for characteristic situations p.163 4 Chapter 8 Exchange of Air Between the Troposphere and the Stratosphere 8.1 General p.164 8.2 An analysis of general circulation in the troposphere and lower stratosphere p.164 8.3 Transfer across the tropopause p•175 8.3.1 Relative contributions to transfer from a climatological viewpoint p.175 8.3.2Trans-tropopause trsnofer as inferred from evidence of tracers p.184 8.4 Maintainance and movement of the tropopause in relation to proposed circulations p.