Phase chemistry of lead smelting slags

Recent advances in understanding of the phase chemistry and phase equilibria in primary lead smelting slags are presented. The slag chemistry in primary lead smelting slags, as described by the system ZnO-FeO-Fe O-PbO-CaO-SiO, is systematically examined and presented so as to reflect the various process conditions encountered at different stages of the smelting operation, from sintering and direct smelting to zinc fuming. The commentary is illustrated with examples from both experimental and thermodynamic modelling studies. These fundamental studies have been used to assist in process developments and improvements, and have the advantage that they are applicable to a range of process technologies.