Automatic milking: State of the art in Europe and North America

An overview of historical development of automatic milking, as well as the current situation and perceived challenges and opportunities for future development are discussed. Since the first commercial systems appeared in 1992, Automatic milking systems (AM-systems) have been installed at an increasing rate. No other new technology since the introduction of the milking machine, has aroused so much interest and expectations among dairy farmers and the periphery. Reduced labour, a better social life for dairy farm families and increased milk yields due to more frequent milking are recognised as important benefits of automatic milking. Automatic milking changes many aspects of farm management since both the nature and organisation of labour is altered. Manual labour is partly replaced by management and control, and the presence of the operator at regular milking times is no longer required. Visual control on cow and udder health at milking is, at least partly, taken over by automatic systems. Facilities for teat cleaning and separation of abnormal milk are incorporated into the automatic system and adaptation of conventional cleaning schemes and cooling systems is needed to accommodate continuous milking. Cow management including routing within the barn, the opportunity for grazing and the use of total mixed rations is altered. A high level of management and realistic expectations are essential to successful adoption of automatic milking. Results from commercial farms indicate, that milk quality is somewhat negatively effected, although bacterial counts and somatic cell counts remain well below penalty levels. Automatic milking systems require a higher investment than conventional milking systems. However increased milk yields and reduced labour requirements may lead to a decrease in the fixed costs per kg milk. Automatic milking is gaining widespread acceptance and is estimated to be in use on more than 2200 farms in over 20 countries worldwide.