Trans-Migrations: Border-Crossing and the Politics of Body Modification Among Puerto Rican Transgender Women

This research describes the context and health consequences of migration/mobility that accompany the search for gender transitioning procedures among Puerto Rican transgender/transsexual women. We term migration/mobility for gender transitioning trans-migration. We conducted an ethnographic study focusing on trans-migration, including participant observation and semi-structured interviews with 39 transgender/transsexual women in Puerto Rico. Our analysis highlights three main processes that profoundly shape trans-migration among Puerto Rican transwomen: (1) institutionalized discrimination; (2) barriers to work; and (3) involvement in survival sex work. Patterns of trans-migration are examined as products of social exclusion, discrimination, and resilience. The analysis informs recommendations to support transwomen's health.