Quantization of light and matter

Chapters 7–9 present the classical description of many-body systems in a way that allows us to identify the canonical variables for the coupled system of matter and electromagnetic fields. Thus, we are now in the position to apply the canonical quantization scheme outlined in Section 3.2.3. We already know that the quantization extends the particle concept to include also wave aspects such that the overall description satisfies the wave–particle duality. Once both matter and light are quantized, we have a full theory which can be applied to treat many interesting phenomena in the field of semiconductor quantum optics. The quantization is conceptually more challenging for light than for particles because Maxwell's equations already describe classical waves. However, the mode expansion for the vector potential and the generalized transversal electric field allows us to identify the particle aspects associated with light waves. This approach presents the system dynamics in the form of classical Hamilton equations for the mode-expansion coefficients. Thus, the canonical quantization deals with these coefficients and supplements an additional wave character to them. In other words, the light quantization introduces complementarity at several levels: classical light is already fundamentally a wave while its dualistic particle aspects emerge in ray-like propagation, as discussed in Chapter 2. At the same time, the mode expansion identifies additional particle aspects and the quantization of the mode-expansion coefficients creates a new level of wave–particle dualism. In this chapter, we apply the canonical quantization scheme to derive the quantized system Hamiltonian.