France: Reforming from within, or statism and managerialism

France began to incorporate management-consulting knowledge a lot later than Britain and Canada did. The state adopted the 1989 policy on the Renewal of Civil Service that prioritized human resource management, responsabilisation or accountability, programme evaluation, and service delivery. The techniques and ideas used to attain these priorities were associated with new managerialism in terms of including decentralized budgetary techniques, programme evaluation, techniques for setting standards and improving public services quality, and the shift of the relationships between administrative units from hierarchy to contract. Managerialist ideas in France are generally less influential because of the underlying bureaucratic reform policy ideas that emphasize the public aspect of state administration.