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Introduction to Borehole Studies

Michael Riedel, Eleanor C. Willoughby, Satinder Chopra, B. J. Anderson, J. W. Wilder, M. Kurihara, M. D. White, G. J. Moridis, S. J. Wilson, M. Pooladi-Darvish, Y. Masuda, T. S. Collett, R. B. Hunter, H. Narita, K. Rose, R. Boswell, G. Bellefleur, M. Riedel, T. Brent, G. Bellefleur, M. Riedel, T. Brent, F. Wright, S. R. Dallimore, R. Boswell, T. S. Collett, D. McConnell, M. Frye, B. Shedd, S. Mrozewski, G. Guerin, A. Cook, P. Godfriaux, R. Dufrene, R. Roy, E. Jones, T. S. Collett, M. Riedel, J. Cochran, R. Boswell, J. Presley, P. Kumar, A. V. Sathe, A. Sethi, M. Lall, V. Sibal, NGHP Expedition 01 Scientists, A. E. Cook, D. Goldberg, E. E. Davis, H. Villinger, R. D. MacDonald, R. D. Meldrum, J. Grigel, G. R. Dickens, W. S. Borowski, H. Wehner, C. K. Paull, ODP Leg 164 Scientific Party, C. K. Paull, R. Matsumoto, P. J. Wallace, W. P. Dillon, G. R. Dickens, D. Schroeder, K. U. Hinrichs, Leg 201 Scientific party, S. L. D'Hondt, B. B. Jørgensen, D. J. Miller, R. N. Edwards, K. Schwalenberg, E. C. Willoughby, R. Mir, C. Scholl, K. Fujii, M. Yasuda, B. Cho, T. Ikegami, H. Sugiyama, Y. Imasato, S. R. Dallimore, J. F. Wright, M. Fukuhara, K. Fujii, V. Tertychnyi, A. Shandrygin, Y. Popov, O. Matsubayashi, K. Kusaka, M. Yasuda, D. S. Goldberg, R. L. Kleinberg, J. L. Weinberger, A. Malinverno, P. J. McLellan, T. S. Collett, G. Guerin, D. Goldberg, C. Hadley, D. Peters, A. Vaughan, D. Bean, S. H. Hancock, T. S. Collett, S. R. Dallimore, T. Satoh, T. Inoue, E. Huenges, J. Henninges, B. Weatherill, S. R. Dallimore, T. S. Collett, S. H. Hancock, S. R. Dallimore, T. S. Collett, D. Carle, B. Weatherill, T. Satoh, T. Inoue, S. R. Dallimore, T. S. Collett, M. Heesemann, H. Villinger, A. T. Fisher, A. M. Tréhu, S. Witte, M. Riedel, T. S. Collett, M. J. Malone, J. Henninges, J. Schrötter, K. Erbas, E. Huenges, S. R. Dallimore, T. S. Collett, R. L. Kleinberg, C. Flaum, T. S. Collett, S. R. Dallimore, T. S. Collett, K. A. Kvenvolden, L. A. Barnard, D. H. Cameron, R. E. Sheridan, F. M. Gradstein, M. W. Lee, W. F. Waite, M. W. Lee, T. S. Collett, K. P. Park, J. J. Bahk, Y. Kwon, G. Y. Kim, M. Riedel, M. Holland, P. Schultheiss, K. Rose, UBGH-1 Scientific party, T. L. Pettigrew, M. Riedel, T. S. Collett, M. J. Malone, Expedition 311 Scientists, M. Riedel, G. Bellefleur, S. Mair, T. Brent, S. R. Dallimore, P. J. Schultheiss, M. E. Holland, G. D. Humphrey, P. Schultheiss, M. Holland, F. Rack, H. Takahashi, Y. Tsuji, H. W. Villinger, A. M. Tréhu, I. Grevemeyer

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Abstract

Borehole methods exploit some of the same anomalies in physical properties of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments as do regional geophysical methods described in the previous two sections. These include anomalies in elastic properties and hence in P- and S-wave velocities, as well as anomalies in electrical resistivity. A log-based characterization of gas-hydrate environments also typically includes logs of the caliper (borehole diameter as a proxy for data quality), gamma ray (used, e.g., for sand-detection), porosity, and density. Special logging applications using the nuclear magnetic resonant (NMR) technique have also been used (e.g., Kleinberg et al., 2005) but appear to be most successful in thick sand-rich gas-hydrate occurrences. In principle, one can divide borehole logging approaches into two groups: logging-while-drilling (LWD) and measurement-while-drilling (MWD) as well as wireline logging. LWD/MWD offers an opportunity to determine the physical properties of sediments as the borehole is advanced, whereas wireline logging is always deployed after a borehole has already been drilled and measurements are sometimes made after considerable time delays. Thus, wireline logging data suffer more from potential borehole deterioration (or infill), and the risk is higher that gas hydrate in the near-well bore environment have either dissociated or additional artificial gas hydrate has been formed if drilling fluids were cooler than the ambient in situ temperatures. Wireline logging is also typically performed with the drilling pipe deployed up to 60-m deep into the formation, thus the shallow sediment section is typically not logged. LWD/MWD in contrast can (if carefully deployed) provide full coverage of the entire sediment column penetrated. A comprehensive summary of the logging tools, techniques, and data from various drilling campaigns is provided by Goldberg et al. (2010).

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What this paper is about

Borehole methods exploit some of the same anomalies in physical properties of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments as do regional geophysical methods described in the previous two sections. These include anomalies in elastic properties and hence in P- and S-wave velocities, as well as anomalies in electrical resistivity. A log-based characterization of gas-hydrate environments also typically includes logs of the caliper (borehole diameter as a proxy for data quality), gamma ray (used, e.g., for sand-detection), porosity, and density. Special logging applications using the nuclear magnetic resonant (NMR) technique have also been used (e.g., Kleinberg et al., 2005) but appear to be most successful in thick sand-rich gas-hydrate occurrences. In principle, one can divide borehole logging approaches into two groups: logging-while-drilling (LWD) and measurement-while-drilling (MWD) as well as wireline logging. LWD/MWD offers an opportunity to determine the physical properties of sediments as the borehole is advanced, whereas wireline logging is always deployed after a borehole has already been drilled and measurements are sometimes made after considerable time delays. Thus, wireline logging data suffer more from potential borehole deterioration (or infill), and the risk is higher that gas hydrate in the near-well bore environment have either dissociated or additional artificial gas hydrate has been formed if drilling fluids were cooler than the ambient in situ temperatures. Wireline logging is also typically performed with the drilling pipe deployed up to 60-m deep into the formation, thus the shallow sediment section is typically not logged. LWD/MWD in contrast can (if carefully deployed) provide full coverage of the entire sediment column penetrated. A comprehensive summary of the logging tools, techniques, and data from various drilling campaigns is provided by Goldberg et al. (2010).

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Available abstract

Borehole methods exploit some of the same anomalies in physical properties of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments as do regional geophysical methods described in the previous two sections. These include anomalies in elastic properties and hence in P- and S-wave velocities, as well as anomalies in electrical resistivity. A log-based characterization of gas-hydrate environments also typically includes logs of the caliper (borehole diameter as a proxy for data quality), gamma ray (used, e.g., for sand-detection), porosity, and density. Special logging applications using the nuclear magnetic resonant (NMR) technique have also been used (e.g., Kleinberg et al., 2005) but appear to be most successful in thick sand-rich gas-hydrate occurrences. In principle, one can divide borehole logging approaches into two groups: logging-while-drilling (LWD) and measurement-while-drilling (MWD) as well as wireline logging. LWD/MWD offers an opportunity to determine the physical properties of sediments as the borehole is advanced, whereas wireline logging is always deployed after a borehole has already been drilled and measurements are sometimes made after considerable time delays. Thus, wireline logging data suffer more from potential borehole deterioration (or infill), and the risk is higher that gas hydrate in the near-well bore environment have either dissociated or additional artificial gas hydrate has been formed if drilling fluids were cooler than the ambient in situ temperatures. Wireline logging is also typically performed with the drilling pipe deployed up to 60-m deep into the formation, thus the shallow sediment section is typically not logged. LWD/MWD in contrast can (if carefully deployed) provide full coverage of the entire sediment column penetrated. A comprehensive summary of the logging tools, techniques, and data from various drilling campaigns is provided by Goldberg et al. (2010).

Key concepts: Physics

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