The Evolution of Intelligent Design Arguments

Abstract Two versions of the argument from design are distinguished: first, the argument that organisms exhibit design (biological design); and second, the argument that the universe as a whole does (cosmological design). The history of the argument is traced from its roots in pre-Christian times with Aristotle, through its medieval expression by Aquinas to its heyday in the early modern period with the rise of modern science. Paley’s presentation of the argument is discussed in the light of the scientific knowledge of the time. The criticisms of Kant, who argued that the argument establishes at best the existence of a demiurge working with preexisting materials, and Hume, who argued that other equally plausible explanations of apparent design in nature are available, are noted.